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Yugoslavia

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Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia (; lit. 'Land of the South Slavs') was a country in Central Europe and the Balkans that existed from 1918 to 1992. It came into existence following World War I, under the name of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, from the merger of the Kingdom of Serbia with the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, and constituted the first union of South Slavic peoples as a sovereign state, following centuries of foreign rule over the region under the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy. Under the rule of the House of Karađorđević, the kingdom gained international recognition on 13 July 1922 at the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris and was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia on 3 October 1929. Peter I was the country's first sovereign. Upon his father's death in 1921, Alexander I went on to rule the country through an extended period of political crisis that culminated in the 6 January Dictatorship and, ultimately, his assassination in 1934. Prince Paul headed the state as a prince regent until Alexander's son Peter II was declared of-age, which happened following the Yugoslav coup d'état in March 1941. Alexander I was the longest reigning of the three Yugoslav monarchs. The kingdom was invaded and occupied by the Axis powers in April 1941, marking the start of World War II in Yugoslavia. The Communist-led Partisan resistance went on to proclaim the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia and acquire the backing of the Allies at the Tehran Conference in late November 1943. In 1944, King Peter II, then living in exile, gave his recognition to the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia as the legitimate government. In November 1945, after the war ended, the regency council appointed by the King called a parliamentary election that established the Constituent Assembly of Yugoslavia. The Constituent Assembly proclaimed Yugoslavia a federal republic on 29 November 1945, thus abolishing monarchical rule. This marked the onset of a four-decade long uncontested communist party rule of the country. The newly proclaimed Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia acquired the territories of Istria, Rijeka, and Zadar from Italy. Partisan leader Josip Broz Tito ruled the country from 1944 until his death in 1980, first as the prime minister and later as the president. In 1963, the country was renamed for the final time, as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). The six constituent republics that made up the SFRY were the socialist republics of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Within Serbia were the two socialist autonomous provinces, Kosovo and Vojvodina, which, following the adoption of the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution, were largely equal to the other members of the federation. After an economic and political crisis and the rise of nationalism and ethnic conflicts following Tito's death, Yugoslavia broke up along its republics' borders during the Revolutions of 1989, at first into five countries, leading to the Yugoslav Wars. From 1993 to 2017, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia tried political and military leaders from the former Yugoslavia for war crimes, genocide, and other crimes committed during those wars. After the breakup, the republics of Montenegro and Serbia formed a reduced federative state, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY). This state aspired to the status of sole legal successor to the SFRY, but those claims were opposed by the other former republics. Eventually, it accepted the opinion of the Badinter Arbitration Committee about shared succession and in 2003, its official name was changed to the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. This state dissolved when Montenegro and Serbia each became independent states in 2006, with Kosovo having an ongoing dispute over its declaration of independence in 2008.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Belgrade 44°49′12″N 20°25′39″E / 44.8200°N 20.4275°E / 44.8200; 20.4275
Official languages
Serbo-Croato-Slovene (before 1944) Serbo-Croatian (de facto; from 1944)
Demonym
Yugoslav
Government
Hereditary monarchy(1918–1945)Federal republic(1945–1992) Details[excessive detail?] Unitary (1918–1939) then Federal (1939–1941, 1945–1992) Constitutional monarchy (1918–1929, 1931–1941, 1944–1945) Absolute monarchy under a royal dictatorship (1929–1931) Government-in-exile (1941–1945) Provisional underground government (1943–1944) Communist state (1945–1990) Parliamentary republic (1990–1992)
• Creation
1 December 1918
• Axis invasion
6 April 1941
• Abolition of monarchy
29 November 1945
• Disintegration
27 April 1992
• 1955
17,522,438
• 1965
19,489,605
• 1975
21,441,297
• 1985
23,121,383
• 1991
23,532,279
Currency
Yugoslav dinar
Calling code
38
ISO 3166 code
YU
Internet TLD
yu

Tables

· Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Name
Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Capital
Sarajevo
Flag
Emblem
Location
SR Slovenia SR Croatia SR Bosnia and Herzegovina SRMontenegro SR Macedonia SR Serbia SAPVojvodina SAPKosovo
Socialist Republic of Croatia
Socialist Republic of Croatia
Name
Socialist Republic of Croatia
Capital
Zagreb
Flag
Emblem
Socialist Republic of Macedonia
Socialist Republic of Macedonia
Name
Socialist Republic of Macedonia
Capital
Skopje
Flag
Emblem
Socialist Republic of Montenegro
Socialist Republic of Montenegro
Name
Socialist Republic of Montenegro
Capital
Titograd
Flag
Emblem
Socialist Republic of Serbia
Socialist Republic of Serbia
Name
Socialist Republic of Serbia
Capital
Belgrade
Flag
Emblem
mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw-parser-output .treeview li Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo
mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw-parser-output .treeview li Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo
Name
mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw-parser-output .treeview li Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo
Capital
Pristina
Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina
Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina
Name
Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina
Capital
Novi Sad
Socialist Republic of Slovenia
Socialist Republic of Slovenia
Name
Socialist Republic of Slovenia
Capital
Ljubljana
Flag
Emblem
Name
Capital
Flag
Emblem
Location
Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sarajevo
SR Slovenia SR Croatia SR Bosnia and Herzegovina SRMontenegro SR Macedonia SR Serbia SAPVojvodina SAPKosovo
Socialist Republic of Croatia
Zagreb
Socialist Republic of Macedonia
Skopje
Socialist Republic of Montenegro
Titograd
Socialist Republic of Serbia
Belgrade
mw- .mw- treeview li Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo
Pristina
Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina
Novi Sad
Socialist Republic of Slovenia
Ljubljana
· New states › Succession, 1992–2003
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Name
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Capital
Belgrade
Flag
Coat of arms
Declared date of independence
27 April 1992
United Nations membership
1 November 2000
Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Name
Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Capital
Sarajevo
Flag
Coat of arms
Declared date of independence
3 March 1992
United Nations membership
22 May 1992
Republic of Croatia
Republic of Croatia
Name
Republic of Croatia
Capital
Zagreb
Flag
Coat of arms
Declared date of independence
25 June 1991
United Nations membership
22 May 1992
Republic of Macedonia
Republic of Macedonia
Name
Republic of Macedonia
Capital
Skopje
Flag
Coat of arms
Declared date of independence
8 September 1991
United Nations membership
8 April 1993
Republic of Slovenia
Republic of Slovenia
Name
Republic of Slovenia
Capital
Ljubljana
Flag
Coat of arms
Declared date of independence
25 June 1991
United Nations membership
22 May 1992
Name
Capital
Flag
Coat of arms
Declared date of independence
United Nations membership
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Belgrade
27 April 1992
1 November 2000
Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sarajevo
3 March 1992
22 May 1992
Republic of Croatia
Zagreb
25 June 1991
22 May 1992
Republic of Macedonia
Skopje
8 September 1991
8 April 1993
Republic of Slovenia
Ljubljana
25 June 1991
22 May 1992
· New states › Succession, 2006–present
Flag
Flag
Col 1
Flag
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Kosovo
Montenegro
North Macedonia
Serbia
Slovenia
Coat of arms
Coat of arms
Col 1
Coat of arms
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Kosovo
Montenegro
North Macedonia
Serbia
Slovenia
Capital
Capital
Col 1
Capital
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sarajevo
Croatia
Zagreb
Kosovo
Pristina
Montenegro
Podgorica
North Macedonia
Skopje
Serbia
Belgrade
Slovenia
Ljubljana
Independence
Independence
Col 1
Independence
Bosnia and Herzegovina
3 March, 1992
Croatia
25 June, 1991
Kosovo
17 February, 2008
Montenegro
3 June, 2006
North Macedonia
8 September, 1991
Serbia
5 June, 2006
Slovenia
25 June, 1991
Population (2018)
Population (2018)
Col 1
Population (2018)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
3,301,779
Croatia
4,109,669
Kosovo
1,886,259
Montenegro
622,359
North Macedonia
2,068,979
Serbia
6,988,221
Slovenia
2,086,525
Area
Area
Col 1
Area
Bosnia and Herzegovina
51,197 km2
Croatia
56,594 km2
Kosovo
10,908 km2
Montenegro
13,812 km2
North Macedonia
25,713 km2
Serbia
88,361 km2
Slovenia
20,273 km2
Density
Density
Col 1
Density
Bosnia and Herzegovina
69/km2
Croatia
74/km2
Kosovo
159/km2
Montenegro
45/km2
North Macedonia
81/km2
Serbia
91/km2
Slovenia
102/km2
Water area (%)
Water area (%)
Col 1
Water area (%)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
0.02%
Croatia
1.1%
Kosovo
1.00%
Montenegro
2.61%
North Macedonia
1.09%
Serbia
0.13%
Slovenia
0.6%
GDP (nominal) total (2023)
GDP (nominal) total (2023)
Col 1
GDP (nominal) total (2023)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
$24.531 billion
Croatia
$73.490 billion
Kosovo
$9.815 billion
Montenegro
$6.674 billion
North Macedonia
$15.024 billion
Serbia
$68.679 billion
Slovenia
$65.202 billion
GDP (PPP) per capita (2023)
GDP (PPP) per capita (2023)
Col 1
GDP (PPP) per capita (2023)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
$18,956
Croatia
$40,484
Kosovo
$15,398
Montenegro
$27,616
North Macedonia
$21,103
Serbia
$25,718
Slovenia
$52,517
Gini Index (2018)
Gini Index (2018)
Col 1
Gini Index (2018)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
33.0
Croatia
29.7
Kosovo
23.2
Montenegro
33.2
North Macedonia
43.2
Serbia
29.7
Slovenia
25.6
HDI (2021)
HDI (2021)
Col 1
HDI (2021)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
0.780 (High)
Croatia
0.858 (Very High)
Kosovo
0.750 (High)
Montenegro
0.832 (Very High)
North Macedonia
0.770 (High)
Serbia
0.802 (Very High)
Slovenia
0.918 (Very High)
Internet TLD
Internet TLD
Col 1
Internet TLD
Bosnia and Herzegovina
ba
Croatia
hr
Kosovo
xk
Montenegro
me
North Macedonia
mk
Serbia
rs
Slovenia
si
Calling code
Calling code
Col 1
Calling code
Bosnia and Herzegovina
+387
Croatia
+385
Kosovo
+383
Montenegro
+382
North Macedonia
+389
Serbia
+381
Slovenia
+386
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Kosovo
Montenegro
North Macedonia
Serbia
Slovenia
Flag
Coat of arms
Capital
Sarajevo
Zagreb
Pristina
Podgorica
Skopje
Belgrade
Ljubljana
Independence
3 March, 1992
25 June, 1991
17 February, 2008
3 June, 2006
8 September, 1991
5 June, 2006
25 June, 1991
Population (2018)
3,301,779
4,109,669
1,886,259
622,359
2,068,979
6,988,221
2,086,525
Area
51,197 km2
56,594 km2
10,908 km2
13,812 km2
25,713 km2
88,361 km2
20,273 km2
Density
69/km2
74/km2
159/km2
45/km2
81/km2
91/km2
102/km2
Water area (%)
0.02%
1.1%
1.00%
2.61%
1.09%
0.13%
0.6%
GDP (nominal) total (2023)
billion
billion
billion
billion
billion
billion
billion
GDP (PPP) per capita (2023)
$18,956
$40,484
$15,398
$27,616
$21,103
$25,718
$52,517
Gini Index (2018)
33.0
29.7
23.2
33.2
43.2
29.7
25.6
HDI (2021)
High)
Very High)
High)
Very High)
High)
Very High)
Very High)
Internet TLD
ba
hr
xk
me
mk
rs
si
Calling code
+387
+385
+383
+382
+389
+381
+386

References

  1. In national languages: Serbo-Croatian: Jugoslavija / Југославија [juɡǒslaːʋija]; Slovene: Jugoslavija [juɡɔˈslàːʋija]; M
  2. The Yugoslav Committee, led by Dalmatian Croat politician Ante Trumbić, lobbied the Allies to support the creation of an
  3. Consisting of constitutional lawyers Srđan Budisavljević, Ante Mandić, and Dušan Sernec [sl], a Serb, a Croat, and a Slo
    https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Sernec
  4. Later renamed to Serbia and Montenegro in 2003.
  5. Date of the proclamation of the FR of Yugoslavia.
  6. Membership succeeded by Serbia on 3 June 2006.
  7. Name changed to the Republic of North Macedonia in 2019 as a result of the Prespa Agreement.
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  96. Europe from the Balkans to the Urals: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union
    https://books.google.com/books?id=WPhhLfp8huIC&pg=PA277
  97. Ethnic Cleansing During the Cold War: The Forgotten 1989 Expulsion of Turks from Communist Bulgaria
    https://books.google.com/books?id=1jVlDwAAQBAJ
  98. Croatia Since Independence: War, Politics, Society, Foreign Relations
  99. Communism and Nationalism in Russia and Serbia, Volume 2
  100. Limits to the European Union's Normative Power in a Post-conflict Society: EULEX and Peacebuilding in Kosovo
    https://books.google.com/books?id=gQxWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39
  101. Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2008
  102. N.A.T.O
    http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u911127a.htm
  103. A History of Yugoslavia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=yoyVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA301
  104. Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990-1995, Volume 1
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xUS8--YFrlYC&pg=PA123
  105. Radical Ethnic Movements in Contemporary Europe
    https://books.google.com/books?id=1znSGN88vrAC&pg=PA123
  106. Politics of the European Union in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Between Conflict and Democracy
    https://books.google.com/books?id=LTfkeFItiDMC&pg=PA15
  107. Yugoslavia: A History of its Demise
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ef4OS4ZYZKUC&pg=PR14
  108. Democratic Statehood in International Law: The Emergence of New States in Post-Cold War Practice
    https://books.google.com/books?id=g4bbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98
  109. Good Administration and the Council of Europe: Law, Principles, and Effectiveness
    https://books.google.com/books?id=YSX3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA689
  110. Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative
    https://books.google.com/books?id=IDMhDgCJCe0C&pg=PA124
  111. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/15/world/balkan-accord-overview-balkan-foes-sign-peace-pact-dividing-unpacified-bosnia.html
  112. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100613083054/http://www.mpil.de/shared/data/pdf/pdfmpunyb/wood_1.pdf
  113. 1999 CIA World Factbook: Serbia and Montenegro Archived 17 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
    http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact99/265.htm
  114. "CIA – The World Factbook 1999 – Serbia and Montenegro"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20000816214535/http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/sr.html
  115. "Yugoslav Agreement on Succession Issues (2001)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120526192918/http://www.dipublico.com.ar/english/yugoslav-agreement-on-succession-issues-2001/
  116. International Legal Materials
    https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020782900009141
  117. Federal Register
    https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2004/01/22/04-1354/name-change-of-yugoslavia-to-serbia-and-montenegro
  118. "Member States"
    https://www.un.org/en/member-states/
  119. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/18/world/europe/18iht-kosovo.3.10148493.html
  120. GINI index
  121. Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230829225754/https://www.stat.gov.rs/en-us/oblasti/popis/popis-2011/
  122. "Yugoslavia – Religious Demographics"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130424102013/http://atheism.about.com/library/world/KZ/bl_YugoReligionDemography.htm
  123. The Encyclodedia of Christianity
    https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC&pg=PA513
  124. Klasić, Hrvoje
    https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/svijet/detalji-neocekivane-suradnje-dviju-suprotstavljenih-strana-kako-su-tito-i-sveta-stolica-dosli-na-ideju-da-zajedno-pokusaju-zaustaviti-rat-u-vijetnamu-6920370
  125. Expanding Religion: Religious Revival in Post-communist Central and Eastern Europe
    https://books.google.com/books?id=VxM04Jdr1NEC&dq=yugoslavia&pg=PA44
  126. Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States
    https://doi.org/10.1093%2F0195148568.001.0001
  127. Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918-1992
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMyZdvTympMC
  128. Canadian Slavic Studies
    https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED024915/page/n3/mode/2up
  129. The Balkans in Focus: Cultural Boundaries in Europe
    https://books.google.com/books?id=6YuBEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Od%20Vardara%20pa%20do%20Triglava%22&pg=PA198
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