Topzle Topzle

Somaliland

Updated: Wikipedia source

Somaliland

Somaliland, officially the Republic of Somaliland, is a partially recognised state in the Horn of Africa. It is located on the southern coast of the Gulf of Aden and bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Ethiopia to the south and west, and Somalia to the east. Its claimed territory has an area of 176,120 square kilometres (68,000 sq mi), with approximately 6.2 million people as of 2024. The capital and largest city is Hargeisa. Various Somali Muslim kingdoms were established in the area during the early Islamic period, including in the 14th to 15th centuries the Zeila-based Adal Sultanate. In the early modern period, successor states to the Adal Sultanate emerged, including the Isaaq Sultanate, which was established in the middle of the 18th century. In the late 19th century, the United Kingdom signed agreements with various clans in the area, establishing the Somaliland Protectorate, which was formally granted independence by the United Kingdom as the State of Somaliland on 26 June 1960. Five days later, the State of Somaliland voluntarily united with the Trust Territory of Somaliland (the former Italian Somalia) to form the Somali Republic. The union of the two states proved problematic early on, and in response to the harsh policies enacted by Somalia's Barre regime against the main clan family in Somaliland, the Isaaq, shortly after the conclusion of the disastrous Ogaden War, a 10-year war of independence concluded with the declaration of Somaliland's independence in 1991. The Government of Somaliland regards itself as the successor state to British Somaliland. Since 1991, the territory has been governed by democratically elected governments that seek international recognition as the government of the Republic of Somaliland. The central government maintains informal ties with some foreign governments, which have sent delegations to Hargeisa; Somaliland hosts representative offices from several countries, including Ethiopia and Taiwan. On 26 December 2025, Israel became the first and only United Nations member state to formally recognise Somaliland as an independent and sovereign state. It is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, an advocacy group whose members consist of indigenous peoples, minorities, and unrecognised or occupied territories. Following the Las Anod conflict that emerged in 2022, Somaliland lost control of a significant portion of its eastern territory to pro-unionist forces who established the SSC-Khatumo administration.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Hargeisa 9°33′N 44°03′E / 9.550°N 44.050°E / 9.550; 44.050
Official languages
Somali
Second language
Arabic, English
Religion
Islam (official)
Demonym
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li Somalilander
Government
Unitary presidential republic
• President
Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi
• Vice President
Mohamed Aw-Ali Abdi
• Speaker of the House
Yasin Haji Mohamoud
• Chief Justice
Adan Haji Ali
Legislature
Parliament
• Upper house
House of Elders
• Lower house
House of Representatives
• Isaaq Sultanate
1750–1884
• Establishment of British protectorate
1884
• Independence of the State of Somaliland from the United Kingdom
26 June 1960
• Union with the Trust Territory of Somaliland to form the Somali Republic
1 July 1960
• Somaliland War of Independence
6 April 1981
• Declaration of independence
18 May 1991
• Current constitution
13 June 2001
• Total
$3.782 billion
• 2024 estimate
6,200,000 (109th)
• Density
28.27/km2 (73.2/sq mi)
GDP (nominal)
2022 estimate
• Per capita
$852
Currency
Somaliland shilling
Time zone
UTC 3 (EAT)
Date format
d/m/yy (AD)
Calling code
252 (Somalia)
Status
De facto state with limited recognition, recognised by one UN member state

Tables

· Administrative divisions › Regions and districts
Awdal
Awdal
Map
Awdal
Regions
16,294
Area (km2)
Borama
Capital
Baki, Borama, Zeila, Lughaya
Sahil
Sahil
Map
Sahil
Regions
13,930
Area (km2)
Berbera
Capital
Sheikh, Berbera
Maroodi Jeeh
Maroodi Jeeh
Map
Maroodi Jeeh
Regions
17,429
Area (km2)
Hargeisa
Capital
Gabiley, Hargeisa, Salahlay, Baligubadle
Togdheer
Togdheer
Map
Togdheer
Regions
30,426
Area (km2)
Burao
Capital
Oodweyne, Buhoodle, Burao
Sanaag
Sanaag
Map
Sanaag
Regions
54,231
Area (km2)
Erigavo
Capital
Garadag, El Afweyn, Erigavo, Lasqoray
Sool
Sool
Map
Sool
Regions
39,240
Area (km2)
Las Anod
Capital
Aynabo, Las Anod, Taleh, Hudun
Map
Regions
Area (km2)
Capital
Districts
Awdal
16,294
Borama
Baki, Borama, Zeila, Lughaya
Sahil
13,930
Berbera
Sheikh, Berbera
Maroodi Jeeh
17,429
Hargeisa
Gabiley, Hargeisa, Salahlay, Baligubadle
Togdheer
30,426
Burao
Oodweyne, Buhoodle, Burao
Sanaag
54,231
Erigavo
Garadag, El Afweyn, Erigavo, Lasqoray
Sool
39,240
Las Anod
Aynabo, Las Anod, Taleh, Hudun

References

  1. The claimed territory is 177,000km2, although due to various conflicts the exact size of control has varied over time.
  2. Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliland; Arabic: جمهورية أرض الصومال, romanised: Jumhūriyat Arḍ aṣ-Ṣūmāl
  3. The Jerusalem Post
    https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-881475
  4. www.somalilandlaw.com
    http://www.somalilandlaw.com/body_somaliland_constitution.htm
  5. Al Jazeera
    https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2016/5/23/somaliland-25-years-as-an-unrecognised-state/
  6. "Republic of Somaliland – Country Profile 2021"
    https://somalilandchronicle.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Country-GUIDE-March-2021.pdf
  7. Horn Diplomat
    https://web.archive.org/web/20240419234705/https://www.horndiplomat.com/2024/04/19/somalilands-population-reaches-6-2-million/
  8. Somaliland Ministry of Finance Development
    https://web.archive.org/web/20240830221635/https://slmof.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Budget-Outlook-Paper-BOP-FY2024-F2.pdf
  9. www.govsomaliland.org
    https://www.govsomaliland.org/
  10. The Geographical Journal
    https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1931GeogJ..78..102S
  11. Political Handbook of the World 2015
    https://books.google.com/books?id=yNGfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT5625
  12. Horn Diplomat
    https://web.archive.org/web/20240419234705/https://www.horndiplomat.com/2024/04/19/somalilands-population-reaches-6-2-million/
  13. www.hiiraan.com
    http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2024/apr/195933/somaliland_population_reaches_6_2_million_government_reports.aspx
  14. Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd0mAQAAMAAJ
  15. The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century
    https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&pg=PA45
  16. The Horn Engaging the Gulf Economic Diplomacy and Statecraft in Regional Relations
  17. Suárez, J. A. Geopolítica De Lo Desconocido. Una Visión Diferente De La Política Internacional
    http://archive.org/details/suarez-j.-a.-geopolitica-de-lo-desconocido.-una-vision-diferente-de-la-politica-internacional-2023
  18. Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience
  19. The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy
  20. "Somalia"
    http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html
  21. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Somaliland
  22. Crisis Management and the Politics of Reconciliation in Somalia: Statements from the Uppsala Forum, 17–19 January 1994
    https://books.google.com/books?id=lEx6HIaaGfcC&pg=PA78
  23. Clan Cleansing in Somalia: The Ruinous Legacy of 1991
    https://books.google.com/books?id=PBvfTmzsZ-0C&q=declared+economic+warfare+on+somalis+from+the+northwestern&pg=PA84
  24. Understanding Statebuilding: Traditional Governance and the Modern State in Somaliland
    https://books.google.com/books?id=vz6gCwAAQBAJ&q=businessmen%2C+students%2C+former+civil&pg=PA90
  25. The New Encyclopædia Britannica (2002), p. 835.
  26. Journal of International Affairs
    https://www.webcitation.org/5p4r3fdSg?url=http://yalejournal.org/sites/default/files/articles/De_Facto_Statehood_-_The_Strange_Case_of_Somaliland_By_Alexis_Arieff.pdf
  27. Status and (Human Rights) Obligations of Non-Recognized De Facto Regimes in International Law
    https://books.google.com/books?id=GOSbAAAAMAAJ&q=Status+and+(Human+Rights)+Obligations+of+Non-Recognized+De+Facto+Regimes+in+International+Law
  28. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/05/world/africa/05somaliland.html
  29. Minorities at Risk Project
    http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/469f38dbc.html
  30. mfa.gov.et
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120326070002/http://www.mfa.gov.et/The_Ministry/Ethiopia_Mission_Abroad.php
  31. "Republic of Somaliland"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20221210115329/https://en.mofa.gov.tw/CountryInfoEn.aspx?CASN=2&n=1289&sms=0&s=200
  32. UNPO.org
    https://unpo.org/members/7916
  33. Danish Institute for International Studies
    https://www.diis.dk/en/research/somaliland-the-centre-of-rising-tensions-in-the-horn-of-africa
  34. "The Constitution of the Republic of Somaliland"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120227110751/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Somaliland.pdf
  35. Peace in Somaliland: An Indigenous Approach to State-building: Burao, Borama, and Sanaag Conferences
    https://books.google.com/books?id=nPv0SAAACAAJ
  36. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC39419
  37. Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/02/01/somaliland-independence-laas-geel-rock-paintings/
  38. A History of African Archaeology
    https://archive.org/details/historyofafrican0000unse_j3c5/page/105
  39. World Archaeology
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1988.9980055
  40. Man
    https://archive.org/stream/mananth9a10royauoft/mananth9a10royauoft_djvu.txt
  41. Zarins, Juris (1990), "Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia", (Bulletin of the American Schoo
  42. Science
    https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Sci...300..597D
  43. "Grotto galleries show early Somali life"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061703/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jMNd90UAafsRNEDPyelL7Hee1ydw?docId=CNG.82196a5b15ef45a2d4e744675740cd6a.6e1
  44. African Archaeological Review
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130627100400/http://www.mbali.info/doc494.htm
  45. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/17/cave-paintings-found-in-somaliland
  46. East African Handbook
    https://books.google.com/books?id=bL8tAQAAIAAJ
  47. Somalia Today: General Information
    https://books.google.com/books?id=tMVAAAAAYAAJ
  48. The History of Somalia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C
  49. The Illustrated Timeline of the History of the World
    https://books.google.com/books?id=RO4kS1IR71sC
  50. Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Archaeology
    https://books.google.com/books?id=1E13DorsFMEC
  51. "Mummified baboons clarify ancient Red Sea trade routes"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160730055118/http://meeting.physanth.org/program/2015/session45/dominy-2015-mummified-baboons-clarify-ancient-red-sea-trade-routes.html
  52. Near Eastern archaeology: a reader
    https://books.google.com/books?id=khR0apPid8gC&pg=PA120
  53. Somali Spot
    https://www.somalispot.com/threads/beden-ship.30581
  54. Warmington 1995, p. 54.
  55. Warmington 1995, p. 229.
  56. Warmington 1995, p. 187.
  57. Warmington 1995, pp. 185–6.
  58. African Archaeological Review
    https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10437-015-9184-9
  59. I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42
  60. Somalia and the World: Proceedings of the International Symposium Held in Mogadishu on the Tenth Anniversary of the Somali Revolution, October 15–21, 1979
    https://books.google.com/books?id=a1gMAQAAIAAJ&q=%22sheikh+isaaq%22
  61. Why Somalia does not get the right direction
    https://books.google.com/books?id=erprEAAAQBAJ&dq=isaaq+clan+expansion&pg=PA25
  62. The invention of Somalia
  63. www.britannica.com
    https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/The-great-Somali-migrations
  64. Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society
    https://books.google.com/books?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC&dq=isaaq+clan+expansion&pg=PA94
  65. Rassegna di Studi Etiopici
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/41299539
  66. Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World
    https://books.google.com/books?id=uwTHEAAAQBAJ
  67. Partitioned Africans: Ethnic Relations Across Africa's International Boundaries, 1884-1984
    https://books.google.com/books?id=0Wr6GUxdelcC&dq=isaaq+migration&pg=PA159
  68. Geographical Journal
    https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1936GeogJ..87..289C
  69. Bradt Guides
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220304224300/https://www.bradtguides.com/destinations/africa/somaliland/madana-ruins/
  70. Somaliland: with Addis Ababa & Eastern Ethiopia
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/766336307
  71. "Somaliland: archaeology in a breakaway state | Sada Mire"
    https://www.sadamire.com/somaliland-archaeology-in-a-breakaway-state/
  72. British Somaliland by Ralph E. Drake-Brockman. Drake-Brockman, Ralph E. (Ralph Evelyn), 1875–1952. p. 275
  73. I. M. Lewis, A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa,
  74. Somali Diaspora News
    http://www.qurbejoog.com/taariikhda-beerta-suldaan-cabdilaahi-ee-hargeysa/
  75. Genealogies of the Somal
  76. Togdheer News Network
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020220/http://togdheernews.com/articles/31/05/2016/taariikhda-saldanada-reer-guuleed-ee-somaliland-abwaanibraahim-rashiid-cismaan-guure-aboor/
  77. Hubaal Media
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210811205734/https://www.hubaalmedia.net/degmada-cusub-ee-dacarta-oo-loogu-wanqalay-munaasibad-kulmisay-madaxda-iyo-haldoorka-somaliland/
  78. Tashiwanaag
    https://www.tashiwanaag.com/toljecle-taariikh-ahaan.html
  79. Taariikhda Boqortooyadii Axmed Sheikh Isaxaaq ee Toljecle 1787
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MfB4XvREbI
  80. Guido Ambroso, "Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 198
  81. F.O.78/5031, Sayyid Mohamad to the Aidagalleh, Enclosed Sadler to Salisbury. 69, 20 August 1899
  82. Elia Vitturini, The Gaboye of Somaliland: Legacies of Marginality, Trajectories of Emancipation, p. 129
  83. Rebuilding Somaliland: Issues and Possibilities, Volume 1
  84. "The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62"
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCBDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA62
  85. Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society 1850, Volume 9, p.133
  86. Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience
  87. Royal Naval Biography: Or, Memoirs of the Services of All the Flag-officers, Superannuated Rear-admirals, Retired-captains, Post-captains, and Commanders, Whose Names Appeared on the Admiralty List of Sea Officers at the Commencement of the Present Year, Or who Have Since Been Promoted, Illustrated by a Series of Historical and Explanatory Notes ... with Copious Addenda: Captains. Commanders
  88. Hertslet's Commercial Treaties: A Complete Collection of the Treaties and Conventions, and Reciprocal Regulations, at Pr
  89. Hugh Chisholm (ed.), The Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information, Vo
  90. British Empire
    https://web.archive.org/web/20191025062635/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/britishsomaliland.htm
  91. Nicolle (1997), 5.
  92. WW2DB.com
    https://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=249
  93. From Biplane to Spitfire
  94. Insurgents, Terrorists, and Militias: The Warriors of Contemporary Combat
    https://books.google.com/books?id=NswzCgAAQBAJ
  95. African Studies in Geography from Below
    https://books.google.com/books?id=4PQK68LNtjcC
  96. The Journal of African History
    https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700005107
  97. Medium.com
    https://medium.com/raf-caps/air-power-in-british-somaliland-1920-the-arrival-of-gordons-bird-men-independent-operations-35cd9191f445
  98. Colonial Office, 11 April 1922
  99. The British Empire as a Superpower By Anthony Clayton pp.223
  100. Public Record Office file CO 1069/13 Part 1, by the first officer commanding "B" (Nyasaland) Company SCC.
  101. The King's African Rifles by H. Moyse-Bartlett
  102. Correspondence between Governor of British Somaliland and Secretary of State for the Colonies. Colonial Office, 26 March
  103. Correspondence between Governor of British Somaliland and Secretary of State for the Colonies. Colonial Office, 28th Feb
  104. 1922 Commons sitting. HC Deb 14 March 1922 vol 151 cc1953-4
  105. Imperial Rearguard: Wars of Empire, 1919–1985 pp.168
  106. British Somaliland: An Administrative History, 1920–1960 pp.110
  107. Dictionary of battles and sieges P-Z, p.991
    https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC&q=Gibbs&pg=PA991
  108. Constructing colonial hegemony in the Somaliland protectorate, 1941–1960
    https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/14169
  109. British Military Administration in Africa 1941–1947
  110. "Taariikhdii Halgamaa: Sheekh Bashiir Sh. Yuusuf. W/Q: Prof Yaxye Sheekh Caamir | Laashin iyo Hal-abuur"
    https://laashin.com/taariikhdii-halgamaa-sheekh-bashiir-sh-yuusuf-wq-prof-yaxye-sheekh-caamir/
  111. Laashin
  112. Dictionary of African Biography, Volumes 1–6
  113. CIA
    https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79T00975A004900470001-6.pdf
  114. Somaliland Law
    http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Somaliland_Act_of_Union.htm
  115. "Somali Independence Week – Roobdoon Forum June 21, 2009"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110928052641/http://wardheernews.com/Articles_09/June/Roobdoon_Forum/29_Independence_week_series.html
  116. Journal of Democracy
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200807065437/http://www.sethkaplan.org/doc/JOD,%20Democratization%20in%20Africa%20chapter%203.10.pdf
  117. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960, Africa, Volume XIV
    https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v14/d62
  118. "The dawn of the Somali nation-state in 1960"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090116055005/http://www.buluugleey.com/warkiidanbe/Governance.htm
  119. "The making of a Somalia state"
    http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htwin/articles/20060809.aspx
  120. Richards (2014), pp. 84–85.
  121. Greystone Press Staff, The Illustrated Library of The World and Its Peoples: Africa, North and East, (Greystone Press: 1
  122. Moshe Y. Sachs, Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, Volume 2, (Worldmark Press: 1988), p.290.
  123. SAHO
    https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/dictator-siad-barre-flees-somalia-ending-his-22-year-rule
  124. "Somalia – Government"
    http://countrystudies.us/somalia/65.htm
  125. "State-sponsored violence and conflict under Mahamed Siyad Barre: the emergence of path dependent patterns of violence"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20231002022805/https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2013/10/22/state-sponsored-violence-and-conflict-under-mahamed-siyad-barre-the-emergence-of-path-dependent-patterns-of-violence/
  126. BBC News
    http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1747697.stm#mshm
  127. Refworld
    https://www.refworld.org/docid/4ff3fa8b2.html
  128. Culture and Customs of Somalia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=2Nu918tYMB8C&pg=PA37
  129. Rwanda: which way now?
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29513928
  130. Somalia 1991-1993: Civil War, Famine Alert and a UN "Military-Humanitarian" Intervention
    https://books.google.com/books?id=LboiAQAAQBAJ
  131. Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC&pg=PA152
  132. Somalia : a government at war with its own people: testimonies about the killings and the conflict in the north
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24108168
  133. Peacebuilding in the African Union: Law, Philosophy and Practice
    https://books.google.com/books?id=bUKxfDKkKi0C&pg=PA245
  134. Consider Somaliland: State-Building with Traditional Leaders and Institutions
    https://books.google.com/books?id=wPlgycWcpzAC&pg=PA59
  135. African Security
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19392206.2016.1208475
  136. A View From The Foothills: The Diaries of Chris Mullin
    https://archive.org/details/viewfromfoothill0000mull
  137. Past human rights abuses in Somalia: report of a preliminary study conducted for the United Nations (OHCHR/UNDP-Somalia)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=7w8VAQAAIAAJ
  138. Stopping Mass Killings in Africa: Genocide, Airpower, and Intervention
    https://books.google.com/books?id=tOgOwSXB164C&pg=PA23
  139. Making and Unmaking Nations: The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide in Contemporary Africa
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mKWiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149
  140. Genocide, war crimes and the West: history and complicity
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ZybbAAAAMAAJ
  141. www.aljazeera.com
    https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/2/6/investigating-genocide-in-somaliland
  142. Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC&pg=PA152
  143. The World Bank
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190326060340/https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf
  144. The New Africa: Dispatches from a Changing Continent
    https://books.google.com/books?id=-s0VcsSW2rAC&pg=PA154
  145. The Early Morning Phonecall: Somali Refugees' Remittances
    https://books.google.com/books?id=WV0TAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57
  146. Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics
    https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf
  147. Racism and Ethnicity: Global Debates, Dilemmas, Directions
    https://books.google.com/books?id=52m9OsGODRUC&pg=PA227
  148. Volume 5
  149. Fetcher Forum of World Affairs
    http://www.fletcherforum.org/home/2016/9/14/how-mass-atrocities-end-an-evidence-based-counter-narrative
  150. The Suicidal State in Somalia: The Rise and Fall of the Siad Barre Regime, 1969–1991
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Vzi6CwAAQBAJ
  151. Understanding Statebuilding: Traditional Governance and the Modern State in Somaliland
    https://books.google.com/books?id=vz6gCwAAQBAJ
  152. Somaliland: Democratisation and Its Discontents
    https://books.google.com/books?id=UmoWAQAAIAAJ
  153. "Somaliland's Quest for International Recognition and the HBM-SSC Factor"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120528122058/http://wardheernews.com/Articles_2010/June/Buh/29_Somaliland_recognition_%26_the_HBM-SSC_Factor.html
  154. "Somaliland Constitution"
    http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Somaliland_Constitution/body_somaliland_constitution.htm#Chapter1
  155. "Somalia: Civil War, Intervention and Withdrawal 1990 – 1995"
    https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6c98.html
  156. Lewis, A Modern History, pp. 282–286
  157. Human Rights Watch (Organization), Chris Albin-Lackey, Hostages to peace: threats to human rights and democracy in Somal
  158. "FREEDOM IN THE WORLD – Somaliland Report"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20161110061308/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/somaliland
  159. "Somalia: Somaliland appeals for 'cooperation with Puntland' a second time"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140131003947/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Somaliland_appeals_for_cooperation_with_Puntland_a_second_time.shtml
  160. BBC
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b082x79f
  161. www.c-r.org
    https://www.c-r.org/accord/somalia/making-somaliland-constitution-and-its-role-democratisation-and-peace
  162. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14115069
  163. africanelections.tripod.com
    http://africanelections.tripod.com/somaliland.html#2001_Constitutional_Referendum
  164. "Somaliland Constitution"
    http://www.somalilandlaw.com/somaliland_constitution.htm
  165. "Somaliland Government"
    http://somalilandgov.com/the-administration/
  166. "Somaliland Cabinet"
    http://somalilandgov.com/the-administration/
  167. "Opposition leader elected Somaliland president"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120525021524/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j8hma5FaM4Jn8UUVlRwwK18hpStQ
  168. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2024/06/13/the-president-of-somaliland-is-bargaining-for-recognition
  169. defactostates.ut.ee
    https://defactostates.ut.ee/the-system-worked-somalilands-2024-presidential-and-political-party-elections/
  170. Connected: Developing Somalia's Telecoms Industry in the Wake of State Collapse
    https://books.google.com/books?id=l9FVZiDVIyEC&q=%22somaliland+presidential+palace%22
  171. Hiiraan
    http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2021/aug/183439/somaliland_speaker_of_house_of_representatives_elected.aspx
  172. "Somaliland Parliament"
    http://www.somalilandlaw.com/body_somaliland_parliament.html
  173. "Somaliland Judicial System"
    http://www.somalilandlaw.com/somaliland_judicial_system.html
  174. Citizenship Law in Africa: A Comparative Study
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xKhONykaQKYC&pg=PA46
  175. Somaliland Law
    http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Xeerka_Jinsiyadda.htm
  176. "A world survey of laws: Criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20161020202330/http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_SSHR_2014_Eng.pdf
  177. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/07/world/africa/07iht-somalia.4826198.html
  178. IRI.org
    https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/flip_docs/Somaliland%20Democratization%20Strategy%20Blog%20Post%20-%20E%20Lewis%20OME/files/assets/basic-html/page105.html
  179. "Somaliland Political Parties Law"
    http://www.somalilandlaw.com/body_xeerka_xisbiyadda.htm
  180. "Somaliland * – Country report – Freedom in the World – 2017"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170509183937/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/somaliland
  181. Journal of Democracy
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200807065437/http://www.sethkaplan.org/doc/JOD,%20Democratization%20in%20Africa%20chapter%203.10.pdf
  182. Journal of Democracy
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200807065437/http://www.sethkaplan.org/doc/JOD,%20Democratization%20in%20Africa%20chapter%203.10.pdf
  183. "Somaliland closer to recognition by Ethiopia"
    http://www.afrol.com/articles/25633
  184. "Somaliland, Djibouti in bitter port feud"
    http://www.afrol.com/articles/23556
  185. "Outflanked by China in Africa, Taiwan eyes unrecognised Somaliland"
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-somaliland/outflanked-by-china-in-africa-taiwan-eyes-unrecognised-somaliland-idUSKBN2424UI
  186. The Diplomat
    https://thediplomat.com/2020/07/taiwan-throws-a-diplomatic-curveball-by-establishing-ties-with-somaliland/
  187. "Somaliland Diplomatic Mission in Sweden"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090510080355/http://www.somalilandembassy.se/
  188. "Somaliland"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120207145331/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmhansrd/vo040204/halltext/40204h03.htm
  189. "EU Breaks Ice on Financing Somaliland"
    http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/168/29775.html
  190. "AU supports Somali split"
    http://www.mg.co.za/article/2006-02-10-au-supports-somali-split
  191. Wales Online
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120126004952/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/tm_objectid%3D16766640%26method%3Dfull%26siteid%3D50082-name_page.html
  192. "Somaliland on verge of observer status in the Commonwealth"
    http://www.qarannews.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6381&Itemid=59
  193. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/27/world/africa/27somalia.html?ref=world
  194. Afrol News
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160307151856/http://afrol.com/articles/36651
  195. "Strengthening the UK's relationship with Somaliland"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110807153007/http://ukun.fco.gov.uk/en/news/?view=News&id=204732682
  196. This is Africa
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110130180830/http://www.thisisafricaonline.com/feature_button.php?id=20
  197. UKIP
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160205113932/http://www.ukip.org/ukip_supports_somaliland_national_day
  198. Report of the Secretary-General on specialized anti-piracy courts in Somalia and other States in the region
    http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Somalia%20S%202012%2050.pdf
  199. Focus Taiwan
    https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202007010011
  200. Focus Taiwan
    https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202007010019
  201. Somali News in English | The Somali Digest
    https://thesomalidigest.com/somaliland-and-ethiopia-recognition-for-sea-access/
  202. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2024/01/02/ethiopias-gambit-for-a-port-is-unsettling-a-volatile-region
  203. "BFA Staatendokumentation, Analyse zu Somalia – Lagekarten zur Sicherheitslage. Situation Maps – Security Situation"
    https://lifos.migrationsverket.se/dokument?documentAttachmentId=42837
  204. Rule and Rupture: State Formation Through the Production of Property and Citizenship
    https://books.google.com/books?id=pDLNDgAAQBAJ&q=dhulbahante+sool&pg=PT301
  205. Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology
    https://www.eth.mpg.de/pubs/wps/pdf/mpi-eth-working-paper-0082.pdf
  206. Institute for Security Studies
    https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/111689/P200.pdf
  207. State-making in Somalia and Somaliland: Understanding War, Nationalism and State Trajectories as Processes of Institutional and Socio-Cognitive Standardization
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230124103648/http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/572/1/Balthasar_State-Making_Somalia_Somaliland_2013.pdf
  208. "Somaliland: the complicated formation of a de facto state"
    https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a44f918f9a61e04cdd5d717/t/5e9622ac275e9c745d1f8c10/1586897581908/Hoehene.pdf
  209. "Raadreeb: Midnimada Soomaaliya iyo qodobada shirkii beesha Warsangeli ee 'Hadaaftimo 30 Siteenbar 1992'"
    https://www.daljir.com/raadreeb-midnimada-soomaaliya-iyo-qodobada-shirkii-beesha-warsangeli-ee-hadaaftimo-30-siteenbar-1992/
  210. "Puntland and Somaliland clashing in northern Somalia"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20071117043205/http://hornofafrica.ssrc.org/Hoehne/printable.html
  211. Africa
    https://doi.org/10.3366%2FE0001972009000710
  212. Qaran News
    http://www.qarannews.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2016&Itemid=59
  213. Somalia Report
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140312061049/http://www.somaliareport.com/index.php/post/3271/What_is_Khatumo_State
  214. Africa Portal
    https://www.africaportal.org/publications/overlapping-claims-somaliland-and-puntland-case-sool-and-sanaag/
  215. Somaliland Daily
    http://somalilanddaily.com/articles/137/Khaatumo-and-Somaliland-reach-final-agreement
  216. Anglo-Somali Society Journal
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200629192548/https://www.michael-walls.com/wp-content/uploads/Run-Doon-180817_web.pdf
  217. Radio Dalsan
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200808182609/https://www.radiodalsan.com/en/2019/03/31/somaliland-president-makes-major-cabinet-changes/
  218. "The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland"
    https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/111689/P200.pdf
  219. Navy Times
    http://www.navytimes.com/news/2011/04/ap-piracy-somaliland-coast-guard-040411/
  220. Somalia Report
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130120162017/http://somaliareport.com/index.php/post/1299/Somalilands_Military_is_a_Shadow_of_the_Past_
  221. Freedom House
    https://freedomhouse.org/country/somaliland
  222. Action Aid
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170110090938/http://www.actionaid.org/somaliland/where-we-work
  223. State Formation in Somaliland: Bringing Deliberation to Institutionalism. Michael Walls, Planning Unit, UCL February 201
    http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1302550/1/1302550.pdf
  224. "Somaliland: The Strains of Success Crisis Group Africa Briefing N°113 Nairobi/Brussels, 5 October 2015"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170121043635/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b113-somaliland-the-strains-of-success.pdf
  225. "Local Government Law"
    http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Xeerka__wkb__Gobolada_iyo_Degmooyinka_2019SLLaw.pdf
  226. "Local Government Law"
    http://www.somalilandlaw.com/local_government_law.htm
  227. "Hargeisa, Somaliland – Invisible City"
    https://www.thebrenthurstfoundation.org/downloads/hargeisa_discussion-paper-04-2019-hargeisa-somaliland-invisible-city.pdf
  228. www.burao.org
    https://www.burao.org/
  229. "SDF funded Borama Water Supply Expansion Project Commissioned"
    https://www.horndiplomat.com/2023/10/12/sdf-funded-borama-water-supply-expansion-project-commissioned/
  230. Chatham House
    https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/ia/inta92-5-02-hills.pdf
  231. Visura
    https://visura.co/chantalheijnen/stories/ghost-republic-somaliland
  232. Sciences Po Paris
    https://www.academia.edu/44590322
  233. GOV.UK
    https://www.gov.uk/government/case-studies/gabiley-somalia-uk-aid-promoting-womens-economic-empowerment
  234. Trademark Africa
    https://www.trademarkafrica.com/stories/the-secrets-of-women-of-tog-wajaale/
  235. Somaliland: with the overland route from Addis Ababa via eastern Ethiopia the Bradt Travel Guide
  236. The State and the Paradox of Customary Law in Africa
    https://books.google.com/books?id=jeRhDwAAQBAJ&dq=caynabo&pg=RA1-PT295
  237. Hadden, Robert Lee. 2007. "The Geology of Somalia: A Selected Bibliography of Somalian Geology, Geography and Earth Scie
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102547/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA464006
  238. World Factbook
    https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/
  239. The South African Geographical Journal: Being a Record of the Proceedings of the South African Geographical Society
    https://books.google.com/books?id=BUE497KSmwsC&q=bur+dab+range
  240. Jouneys by Design
    https://journeysbydesign.com/destinations/somaliland/when-to-go
  241. "Somaliland in Figures"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170816233801/http://slministryofplanning.org/images/Statistics/SomalilandInfigures2015.pdf
  242. World Bank
    https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/01/29/new-world-bank-gdp-and-poverty-estimates-for-somaliland
  243. "Responses to Information Requests – Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210908130425/https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1150581/download
  244. Daniel Harris with Marta Foresti 2011. Somaliland's progress on governance: A case of blending the old and the new Archi
    https://odi.org/en/publications/somalilands-progress-on-governance-a-case-of-blending-the-old-and-the-new/
  245. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12279880
  246. Global Post
    http://www.pulitzercenter.org/openitem.cfm?id=1687
  247. Somali Forum – Somalia Online
    https://www.somaliaonline.com/community/topic/43725-bcimr-opens-first-commercial-bank-in-somaliland/
  248. "First commercial bank officially opens in Somaliland"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150120094101/http://af.reuters.com/article/somaliaNews/idAFL2N0TK0L720141130
  249. All Africa
    https://allafrica.com/stories/201705290258.html
  250. "Telesom ZAAD: Pushing the mobile money CVA frontier"
    https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Somaliland_Mobile_Money_CVA_Case_Study_Web_Singles.pdf
  251. WorldRemit
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210908124526/https://www.worldremit.com/en/somaliland/zaad
  252. "Golis Telecom Somalia Profile"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20071022212418/http://golistelecom.com/about_g.htm
  253. "SOMALILAND TELECOMS SECTOR GUIDE BY SOMALILAND BIZ"
    http://www.somalilandbiz.com/sector-guides/telecoms-2/
  254. "Riches of Somaliland remain untapped"
    http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7935139.stm
  255. Regulating the Livestock Economy of Somaliland
    https://books.google.com/books?id=wDweAQAAIAAJ&q=yirowe
  256. Rebuilding Somaliland: Issues and Possibilities
    https://books.google.com/books?id=cTtyAAAAMAAJ&q=yiroowe
  257. A Self-portrait of Somaliland: Rebuilding from the Ruins
    https://books.google.com/books?id=d2EwAQAAIAAJ&q=yiroowe
  258. somalilandgov.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130124200327/http://somalilandgov.com/country-profile/
  259. Ministry of Planning (Somaliland)
    http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Somaliland_in_figures_2004.pdf
  260. AFP
    https://archive.today/20110430102432/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jMNd90UAafsRNEDPyelL7Hee1ydw?docId=CNG.82196a5b15ef45a2d4e744675740cd6a.6e1
  261. Somaliland Travel Agency
    https://web.archive.org/web/20201205063948/https://somalilandtravel.com/top-sightseeing/
  262. "Somaliland's booming informal transport sector: Pitfalls and potentials"
    https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2017/July/143134/somaliland_s_booming_informal_transport_sector_pitfalls_and_potentials.aspx
  263. "Somaliland's First batch of Hajj pilgrims leave for Mecca"
    https://somalilandstandard.com/somalilands-first-batch-of-hajj-pilgrims-leaves-for-mecca/
  264. "Egal International Airport HGA"
    https://www.airportia.com/somalia/egal-international-airport/
  265. DP World
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200119115139/https://www.dpworld.com/what-we-do/our-locations/Middle-East-Africa/Berbera/somaliland
  266. CNN
    https://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/01/africa/somaliland-new-gateway-africa/index.html
  267. Journal of Petroleum Geology
    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282072913
  268. "Somaliland"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170804013531/http://www.genelenergy.com/operations/exploration-assets/somaliland/
  269. "Onshore Somaliland Mesozoic Rift Play SL10B/13 & Odewayne Licences"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170104062357/http://www.genelenergy.com/media/1977/genel-energy-onshore-somaliland-opportunity-summary_digital.pdf
  270. Energy Voice
    https://www.energyvoice.com/oilandgas/africa/ep-africa/373989/genel-somaliland-cpc-exploration/
  271. PE Media Network
    https://pemedianetwork.com/petroleum-economist/articles/upstream/2022/genel-s-somaliland-drilling-may-slip-to-2024/
  272. British Somaliland
    https://books.google.com/books?id=NhUUAAAAIAAJ
  273. "Somaliland MDG Report, 2010"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210506004957/https://www1.undp.org/content/dam/somalia/docs/MDGs/Somaliland%20MDG%20Report%20First%20draft%20(2).pdf
  274. UNHCR
    https://www.unhcr.org/3d5d0f3a4.pdf
  275. "Post-Conflict Education Development in Somaliland"
    https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08d21e5274a31e000167a/Post-ConflictEducationDevelopment_in_Somaliland.pdf
  276. NBS
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220308045540/https://www.nbs.gov.so/population-estimation-survey-2014/
  277. "UNFPA Population Estimate"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220308045538/https://www.nbs.gov.so/docs/PESS_Somal_population.pdf
  278. International Crisis Group
    https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/28746/066%20somaliland%20democratization_.pdf
  279. STATE-MAKING IN SOMALIA AND SOMALILAND Understanding War, Nationalism and State Trajectories as Processes of Institutional and Socio-Cognitive Standardization
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230125063105/https://saxafimedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/State-Making-In-Somalia-And-Somaliland.pdf
  280. Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich
    https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/111689/p200.pdf
  281. "Somaliland: Information on the current situation of the Isaaq clan and on the areas in which they live"
    http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=3ae6ac0350
  282. Refworld
    https://www.refworld.org/docid/3df0bbc14.html
  283. Africa 2018–2019
    https://books.google.com/books?id=_SRqDwAAQBAJ&dq=isaaq+80%25&pg=PA238
  284. Somalia: State Collapse, Terrorism and Piracy
    https://books.google.com/books?id=he_bAAAAQBAJ&dq=somalia:+State+Collapse,+Terrorism+and+Piracy+isaaq+80%25&pg=PT124
  285. New Internationalist
    https://newint.org/columns/country/2017/10/01/somaliland
  286. Somaliland: With Addis Ababa & Eastern Ethiopia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC&pg=PA137
  287. Somaliland: With Addis Ababa & Eastern Ethiopia By Philip Briggs. Google Books.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC&dq=erigavo+isaaq+clan+population&pg=PA137
  288. Bright spots demonstrate community successes in African agriculture
    https://books.google.com/books?id=me4YBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA67
  289. Freedom in the World 2008: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties
    https://books.google.com/books?id=-tI2NuQLLuYC&dq=somaliland+second+largest+clan&pg=PA855
  290. Bright spots demonstrate community successes in African agriculture
    https://books.google.com/books?id=me4YBQAAQBAJ&dq=somaliland+second+largest+clan&pg=PA67
  291. Sciences Po Paris
    https://www.academia.edu/44590322
  292. Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
    https://unpo.org/downloads/2343.pdf
  293. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jul/20/when-is-a-nation-not-a-nation-somalilands-dream-of-independence
  294. Samatar, Abdi I. (2001) "Somali Reconstruction and Local Initiative: Amoud University," Bildhaan: An International Journ
    http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/bildhaan/vol1/iss1/9
  295. Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos3wAofV4UC&pg=PA278
  296. What are Somalia's Development Perspectives?: Science Between Resignation and Hope?: Proceedings of the 6th SSIA Congress, Berlin 6–9 December 1996
    https://books.google.com/books?id=DZJPm2j2iz4C&pg=PA132
  297. Consider Somaliland: state-building with traditional leaders and institutions
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/775301944
  298. Somaliland: The Strains of Success
    https://books.google.com/books?id=hF5fvwEACAAJ
  299. Academy of Peace and Development
    https://web.archive.org/web/20221126053345/https://www.africaportal.org/documents/17687/Democracy-In-Somaliland.pdf
  300. Refworld
    http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=3ae6a5bf0&skip=0&query=Erigavo%20clans&coi=SOM
  301. "Beyond Fragility: A Conflict and Education Analysis of the Somali Context"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180830073753/https://www.york.ac.uk/media/prdu/documents/publications/Beyond%20Fragility-a%20conflict%20and%20education%20analysis%20of%20the%20Somali%20context.pdf
  302. EASO Country of Origin Information Report: Somalia Security Situation
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160615215650/http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1226_1457606427_easo-somalia-security-feb-2016.pdf
  303. karinnews.net
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210515024911/https://karinnews.net/mobile/articles/24496/Gacan-Ku-Dhiigle-Maayar-Ciddin-Oo-Maleeshiyo-Hubeysan-U-Adeegsaday-Beelaha-Habar-Jeclo-Ee-Gobolka-Saaxil-Iyo-Dilkii-Taliye-Caseyr-Oo-Aaritaankiisii
  304. Politics and Art from the Edge
    https://robertk.space/somali-studies/kyd3-politics-in-berbera/
  305. Danish Immigration Service
    http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=3ae6a5bf0&skip=0&query=Erigavo%20clans&coi=SOM
  306. Borders & Borderlands as resources in the Horn of Africa
    https://books.google.com/books?id=fZiSxrTGHMkC&q=buuhoodle+district&pg=PA113
  307. Anatomy of Violence: Understanding the systems of conflict and violence in Africa
    https://books.google.com/books?id=VLPW6RBUshQC&q=sanaag+region+clans&pg=PA130
  308. "EASO Country of Origin Information Report Somalia Security Situation"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160615215650/http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1226_1457606427_easo-somalia-security-feb-2016.pdf
  309. "Somaliland Republic: Country Profile"
    https://archive.today/20010302083933/http://www.somalilandgov.com/cprofile.htm
  310. I. M. Lewis (1998) Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho, Red Sea Press, p. 11, ISBN 1-56902-104-X.
  311. Lecarme & Maury 1987, p. 22 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLecarmeMaury1987 (help).
  312. "The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List"
    http://rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/General/AALIST.pdf
  313. Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, Culture and Customs of Somalia, (Greenwood Press: 2001), p.1
  314. I. M. Lewis, Saints and Somalis: popular Islam in a clan-based society, (The Red Sea Press: 1998), p.11.
  315. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21674835-functional-part-dysfunctional-country-going-it-alone
  316. "Political Islam in Somalia"
    https://mepc.org/journal/political-islam-somalia
  317. "Somaliland Constitution"
    http://www.somalilandlaw.com/somaliland_constitution.htm
  318. Charles George Herbermann, The Catholic encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine,
  319. Catholic Encyclopedia
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Somaliland
  320. Webpage of the Episcopal Area of the Horn of Africa Archived 25 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine
    http://dioceseofegypt.org/explore/horn-of-africa/
  321. "Diocese of Mogadishu, Somalia"
    http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/moga0.htm
  322. "Global Mission's Top 10 Places to Pray for – REGION: NORTH Africa – Somalia"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111001035012/http://www.adventistmission.org/article.php?id=1364
  323. "Children in Somaliland"
    https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1252260/1930_1386764449_som-resources-childrensomaliland.pdf
  324. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-somaliland-women-fgm/village-by-village-the-quest-to-stop-female-genital-cutting-in-somaliland-idUSKCN1VJ0C8
  325. "Somaliland: Poverty Assessment"
    https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/2818/download/39898
  326. "Somali networks: Structure of clan and society"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200807093901/https://www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/hdq949.pdf
  327. Ioan M. Lewis, Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society, (Red Sea Press: 1994), p.51
  328. "Official Public Holidays – Somaliland Law ›"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180820112428/http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Official_Public_Holidays.pdf
  329. Horn Diplomat
    https://www.horndiplomat.com/2018/06/30/reviving-somali-culture-through-folk-dances/
  330. "Somali women at heart of henna business – NGO henna project in Somalia"
    http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0cdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL1.180&d=HASHc6a2e25764a7dc0163f0f5.3.6&gt=1
  331. Som Tribune
    https://www.somtribune.com/2019/04/03/women-and-athletics-sports-in-somaliland
  332. Pundit Arena
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210623112347/https://punditarena.com/other-sports/mgleeson/conifa-through-the-years-are-you-ready-for-somaliland-2020/
  333. BBC Sport
    https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/46185221
Image
Source:
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.