-
The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
https://oeis.org/A001113 -
MacTutor
https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Miller/mathsym/constants/ -
mathworld.wolfram.com
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/e.html -
The Math Book: From Pythagoras to the 57th Dimension, 250 Milestones in the History of Mathematics
https://books.google.com/books?id=JrslMKTgSZwC -
MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/e.html -
Mathematician's Delight
https://archive.org/details/MathemateciansDelight-W.W.Sawyer/page/n153/mode/2up -
Euler's Pioneering Equation: The most beautiful theorem in mathematics
https://books.google.com/books?id=345HDwAAQBAJ -
Pi: A Biography of the World's Most Mysterious Number
https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPvAAAAMAAJ -
NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions
http://dlmf.nist.gov/ -
Constructive Function Theory
http://www.math.bas.bg/mathmod/Proceedings_CTF/CTF-1981/files_CTF-1981/CTF-1981-254-257.pdf -
Jacob Bernoulli considered the problem of continuous compounding of interest, which led to a series expression for e. S
https://books.google.com/books?id=s4pw4GyHTRcC&pg=PA222 -
A History of Mathematics
https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye -
"Sämliche Schriften Und Briefe"
https://leibniz.uni-goettingen.de/files/pdf/Leibniz-Edition-III-5.pdf -
Euler, Meditatio in experimenta explosione tormentorum nuper instituta. Scribatur pro numero cujus logarithmus est unita
https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/euler-works/853/ -
Lettre XV. Euler à Goldbach, dated November 25, 1731 in: P.H. Fuss, ed., Correspondance Mathématique et Physique de Que
https://books.google.com/books?id=gf1OEXIQQgsC&pg=PA58 -
Theory of Complex Functions
-
Leonhard Euler, Mechanica, sive Motus scientia analytice exposita (St. Petersburg (Petropoli), Russia: Academy of Scienc
https://books.google.com/books?id=qalsP7uMiV4C&pg=PA68 -
Leonhard Euler: Mathematical Genius in the Enlightenment
-
Principles of Mathematical Analysis
-
The Cartoon Guide to Calculus
https://www.larrygonick.com/titles/science/cartoon-guide-to-calculus-2/ -
College Algebra 2e
https://openstax.org/books/college-algebra-2e/pages/6-1-exponential-functions -
Statistical Physics of Particles
https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/860391091 -
Statistics
https://openstax.org/books/statistics/pages/6-1-the-standard-normal-distribution -
Introduction to Probability
https://web.archive.org/web/20110727200156/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/teaching_aids/books_articles/probability_book/book.html -
The Art of Computer Programming
-
Mathematical constants
https://archive.org/details/mathematicalcons0000finc -
Mathematical Methods for Optical Physics and Engineering
-
Calculus: An intuitive and physical approach
https://books.google.com/books?id=YdjK_rD7BEkC&pg=PA337 -
Calculus, volume 2
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-2/pages/6-3-taylor-and-maclaurin-series -
Calculus, volume 2
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/4-10-antiderivatives -
100 Great Problems of Elementary Mathematics
-
A standard calculus exercise using the mean value theorem; see for example Apostol (1967) Calculus, § 6.17.41.
-
The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
https://oeis.org/A073230 -
The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
https://oeis.org/A073229 -
Euler, L. "De serie Lambertina Plurimisque eius insignibus proprietatibus." Acta Acad. Scient. Petropol. 2, 29–51, 1783.
http://math.dartmouth.edu/~euler/docs/originals/E532.pdf -
The American Mathematical Monthly
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2320546 -
The American Mathematical Monthly
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4145040 -
"How Euler Did It: Who proved e is Irrational?"
https://web.archive.org/web/20140223072640/http://vanilla47.com/PDFs/Leonhard%20Euler/How%20Euler%20Did%20It%20by%20Ed%20Sandifer/Who%20proved%20e%20is%20irrational.pdf -
Transcendental and Algebraic Numbers
https://books.google.com/books?id=408wBgAAQBAJ -
mathworld.wolfram.com
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/IrrationalityMeasure.html -
Transcendental Numbers
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4939-0832-5 -
"Schanuel's Conjecture: algebraic independence of transcendental numbers"
https://webusers.imj-prg.fr/~michel.waldschmidt/articles/pdf/SchanuelEn.pdf -
Clay Mathematics Institute Annual Report 2006
http://www.claymath.org/library/annual_report/ar2006/06report_normalnumbers.pdf -
Kontsevich, Maxim
https://www.ihes.fr/~maxim/TEXTS/Periods.pdf -
A Course Of Modern Analysis: An Introduction to the General Theory of Infinite Processes and of Analytic Functions; with an Account of the Principal Transcendental Functions
-
Mathematics for Physicists
-
arXiv
https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.14035 -
University of Colorado
https://math.colorado.edu/~rohi1040/expository/eistranscendental.pdf -
The Mathematics That Every Secondary School Math Teacher Needs to Know
-
Introduction to ergodic theory
-
Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought
-
The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
https://oeis.org/A003417 -
The American Statistician
https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00031305.1991.10475769 -
Dinov, ID (2007) Estimating e using SOCR simulation Archived 2020-03-15 at the Wayback Machine, SOCR Hands-on Activities
http://wiki.stat.ucla.edu/socr/index.php/SOCR_EduMaterials_Activities_LawOfLargeNumbers#Estimating_e_using_SOCR_simulation -
Sebah, P. and Gourdon, X.; The constant e and its computation
http://numbers.computation.free.fr/Constants/E/e.html -
Gourdon, X.; Reported large computations with PiFast
http://numbers.computation.free.fr/Constants/PiProgram/computations.html -
Roger Cotes (1714) "Logometria," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 29 (338) : 5–45; see especia
https://archive.today/20140410203227/http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5324351035;view=2up;seq=16 -
Leonhard Euler, Introductio in Analysin Infinitorum (Lausanne, Switzerland: Marc Michel Bousquet & Co., 1748), volume 1,
https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_jQ1bAAAAQAAJ/page/n115 -
William Shanks, Contributions to Mathematics, ... (London, England: G. Bell, 1853), page 89.
https://books.google.com/books?id=d-9ZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA89 -
William Shanks (1871) "On the numerical values of e, loge 2, loge 3, loge 5, and loge 10, also on the numerical value of
https://books.google.com/books?id=sclTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA27 -
J. Marcus Boorman (October 1884) "Computation of the Naperian base," Mathematical Magazine, 1 (12) : 204–205.
https://books.google.com/books?id=mG8yAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA204 -
Mathematics of Computation
https://www.ams.org/journals/mcom/1962-16-077/S0025-5718-1962-0136051-9/S0025-5718-1962-0136051-9.pdf -
BYTE
https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1981-06/1981_06_BYTE_06-06_Operating_Systems#page/n393/mode/2up -
Numberworld
http://www.numberworld.org/y-cruncher/#Records -
Mathematical constants
https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/180072364 -
TeX Mag
http://www.ntg.nl/maps/05/34.pdf -
Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354856515592506 -
Brain Tags
https://web.archive.org/web/20131203102744/http://braintags.com/archives/2004/07/first-10digit-prime-found-in-consecutive-digits-of-e/ -
"Google Billboard"
https://web.archive.org/web/20100923111259/http://mkaz.com/math/google-billboard/ -
The first 10-digit prime in e Archived 2021-04-11 at the Wayback Machine. Explore Portland Community. Retrieved on 2020-
http://explorepdx.com/firsten.html -
NPR
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3916173 -
LWN.net
https://lwn.net/Articles/818000/ -
Python 3.12 Documentation
https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.exp -
Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE 29th Symposium on Computer Arithmetic (ARITH 2024)
https://www.ac.uma.es/arith2024/papers/Fast%20Multiple%20Precision%20%24%21exp%28x%29%24%20with%20Precomputations.pdf -
ACM Computing Surveys
https://doi.org/10.1145%2F103162.103163 -
Journal of the ACM
https://doi.org/10.1145%2F321879.321886 -
"Formulas and algorithms"
https://www.numberworld.org -
"Some notes on internal implementation"
https://reference.wolfram.com/language/tutorial/SomeNotesOnInternalImplementation.html#16094
