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China

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the second-most populous country after India, representing 17% of the world population. China borders fourteen countries by land across an area of 9.6 million square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), making it the third-largest country by area. The country is divided into 33 province-level divisions: 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities, and 2 semi-autonomous special administrative regions. Beijing is the capital, while Shanghai is the most populous city by urban area and largest financial center. China saw the first humans in the region arriving during the Paleolithic era. By the 2nd millennium BCE dynastic states had emerged in the Yellow River basin. The 8th–3rd centuries BCE saw a breakdown in the authority of the Zhou dynasty, accompanied by the emergence of administrative and military techniques, literature and philosophy. In 221 BCE, China was unified under an emperor, ushering in two millennia of imperial dynasties. With the invention of gunpowder and paper, the establishment of the Silk Road, and the Great Wall, Chinese culture flourished and has heavily influenced its neighbors and lands further afield. China began to cede parts of the country in the 19th century, to European powers by a series of unequal treaties. The 1911 Revolution overthrew the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China was established the following year. The country was unstable and fragmented during the Warlord Era, which ended upon the Northern Expedition conducted by the Kuomintang to reunify the country. The Chinese Civil War began in 1927, when Kuomintang forces purged members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). China was invaded by the Empire of Japan in 1937, leading the CCP and Kuomintang to form the Second United Front to fight the Japanese. The Second Sino-Japanese War ended in a Chinese victory; however, the CCP and the Kuomintang resumed their civil war. In 1949, the CCP proclaimed the People's Republic of China and forced the Kuomintang-led government to retreat to the island of Taiwan. The country was split, with both sides claiming to be the legitimate government. Following the implementation of land reforms, attempts by the CCP to realize communism failed: the Great Leap Forward was responsible for the Great Chinese Famine which resulted in millions of deaths, and the Cultural Revolution was a period of turmoil and persecution. The reform and opening up that began in 1978 moved the country away from a planned economy towards a market-based economy, spurring an economic boom. A movement for political liberalization stalled after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. Since 1949, China has been a unitary communist state with the CCP as its sole ruling party. It is one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council and a member of numerous multilateral and regional organizations. Making up around one-fifth of the world economy, the Chinese economy is the world's largest by PPP-adjusted GDP. China is the second-wealthiest country, albeit ranking poorly in measures of democracy and human rights. The country has been one of the fastest-growing economies and is the world's largest manufacturer and exporter, as well as the second-largest importer. China is a nuclear-weapon state with the world's largest standing army and the second-largest defense budget. It is described as either a potential or established superpower due to its influence in the fields of geopolitics, technology, manufacturing, economics and culture. China is known for its cuisine and culture. It is a megadiverse country, and has 60 UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Infobox

Capital
Beijing 39°55′N 116°23′E / 39.917°N 116.383°E / 39.917; 116.383
Largest city by municipal population
Chongqing
Largest city by urban population
Shanghai
Official languages
Standard Chinese (de facto)
Official script
Simplified Chinese (Mainland), Traditional Chinese (Hong Kong, Macau)
Ethnic groups (2020)
mw- 91.11% Han Chinese1.39% Zhuang0.84% Uyghur0.81% Hui0.79% Miao0.74% Manchu0.70% Yi0.68% Tujia0.50% Tibetan2.44% others
Demonym
Chinese
Government
Unitary communist state
• CCP General Secretary and President[a]
Xi Jinping
• Premier
Li Qiang
• Congress Chairman
Zhao Leji
• CPPCC Chairman[b]
Wang Huning
• Vice President
Han Zheng
Legislature
National People's Congress[c]
• First pre-imperial dynasty
c. 2070 BCE
• First imperial dynasty
221 BCE
• Establishment of the Republic of China
1 January 1912
• Proclamation of the People's Republic
1 October 1949
• Total
$19.399 trillion (2nd)
• Water (%)
2.8
• 2024 estimate
1,408,280,000[e] (2nd)
• Density
147/km2 (380.7/sq mi) (83rd)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$13,806 (77th)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2022)
36.0 } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.797high (78th)
Currency
Renminbi (元/¥)[g] (CNY)
Time zone
UTC 8 (CST)
Calling code
86 (Mainland) 852 (Hong Kong) 853 (Macau)
ISO 3166 code
CN
Internet TLD
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li .中国.中國 (Mainland).hk.香港 (Hong Kong).mo.澳门.澳門 (Macau)
• CPC General Secretary and President[a]
Xi Jinping
• Current constitution
4 December 1982

Tables

List of administrative divisions in the PRC · Government and politics › Administrative divisions
Claimed Province
Claimed Province
Provinces (省)
Claimed Province
mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- Anhui (安徽省) Fujian (福建省) Gansu (甘肃省) Guangdong (广东省) Guizhou (贵州省) Hainan (海南省) Hebei (河北省) Heilongjiang (黑龙江省) Henan (河南省) Hubei (湖北省) Hunan (湖南省) Jiangsu (江苏省) Jiangxi (江西省) Jilin (吉林省) Liaoning (辽宁省) Qinghai (青海省) Shaanxi (陕西省) Shandong (山东省) Shanxi (山西省) Sichuan (四川省) Yunnan (云南省) Zhejiang (浙江省)
Taiwan (台湾省), governed by the Republic of China
Autonomous regions (自治区)
Autonomous regions (自治区)
Provinces (省)
Autonomous regions (自治区)
mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- Anhui (安徽省) Fujian (福建省) Gansu (甘肃省) Guangdong (广东省) Guizhou (贵州省) Hainan (海南省) Hebei (河北省) Heilongjiang (黑龙江省) Henan (河南省) Hubei (湖北省) Hunan (湖南省) Jiangsu (江苏省) Jiangxi (江西省) Jilin (吉林省) Liaoning (辽宁省) Qinghai (青海省) Shaanxi (陕西省) Shandong (山东省) Shanxi (山西省) Sichuan (四川省) Yunnan (云南省) Zhejiang (浙江省)
Guangxi (广西壮族自治区) Inner Mongolia / Nei Menggu (内蒙古自治区) Ningxia (宁夏回族自治区) Tibet / Xizang (西藏自治区) Xinjiang (新疆维吾尔自治区)
Municipalities (直辖市)
Municipalities (直辖市)
Provinces (省)
Municipalities (直辖市)
mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- Anhui (安徽省) Fujian (福建省) Gansu (甘肃省) Guangdong (广东省) Guizhou (贵州省) Hainan (海南省) Hebei (河北省) Heilongjiang (黑龙江省) Henan (河南省) Hubei (湖北省) Hunan (湖南省) Jiangsu (江苏省) Jiangxi (江西省) Jilin (吉林省) Liaoning (辽宁省) Qinghai (青海省) Shaanxi (陕西省) Shandong (山东省) Shanxi (山西省) Sichuan (四川省) Yunnan (云南省) Zhejiang (浙江省)
Beijing (北京市) Chongqing (重庆市) Shanghai (上海市) Tianjin (天津市)
Special administrative regions (特别行政区)
Special administrative regions (特别行政区)
Provinces (省)
Special administrative regions (特别行政区)
mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- Anhui (安徽省) Fujian (福建省) Gansu (甘肃省) Guangdong (广东省) Guizhou (贵州省) Hainan (海南省) Hebei (河北省) Heilongjiang (黑龙江省) Henan (河南省) Hubei (湖北省) Hunan (湖南省) Jiangsu (江苏省) Jiangxi (江西省) Jilin (吉林省) Liaoning (辽宁省) Qinghai (青海省) Shaanxi (陕西省) Shandong (山东省) Shanxi (山西省) Sichuan (四川省) Yunnan (云南省) Zhejiang (浙江省)
Hong Kong / Xianggang (香港特别行政区) Macau / Aomen (澳门特别行政区)
Provinces (省)
mw- Anhui (安徽省) Fujian (福建省) Gansu (甘肃省) Guangdong (广东省) Guizhou (贵州省) Hainan (海南省) Hebei (河北省) Heilongjiang (黑龙江省) Henan (河南省) Hubei (湖北省) Hunan (湖南省) Jiangsu (江苏省) Jiangxi (江西省) Jilin (吉林省) Liaoning (辽宁省) Qinghai (青海省) Shaanxi (陕西省) Shandong (山东省) Shanxi (山西省) Sichuan (四川省) Yunnan (云南省) Zhejiang (浙江省)
Claimed Province
Taiwan (台湾省), governed by the Republic of China
Autonomous regions (自治区)
Guangxi (广西壮族自治区) Inner Mongolia / Nei Menggu (内蒙古自治区) Ningxia (宁夏回族自治区) Tibet / Xizang (西藏自治区) Xinjiang (新疆维吾尔自治区)
Municipalities (直辖市)
Beijing (北京市) Chongqing (重庆市) Shanghai (上海市) Tianjin (天津市)
Special administrative regions (特别行政区)
Hong Kong / Xianggang (香港特别行政区) Macau / Aomen (澳门特别行政区)

References

  1. Population of Hong Kong as of 2018 estimate
  2. The data of Chongqing in the list is the data of "Metropolitan Developed Economic Area", which contains two parts: "City
  3. Paramount leader of China, who holds the titles of: General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party President of China
  4. Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
  5. While not an upper house of the legislature, the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference exists as an advisor
  6. UN figure for mainland China, which excludes Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. It also excludes the Trans-Karakoram Tract (5
  7. Excluding residents of Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and foreigners living in the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and munici
  8. GDP figures exclude Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau.
  9. The Hong Kong dollar is used in Hong Kong and Macau, while the Macanese pataca is used in Macau only.
  10. Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó
  11. Chinese: 中华人民共和国; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó
  12. China's border with Pakistan is disputed by India, which claims the entire Kashmir region as its territory. China is tie
  13. The total area ranking relative to the United States depends on the measurement of total areas. See list of countries an
  14. Excluding the disputed Taiwan Province. See § Administrative divisions.
  15. "... Next into this, is found the great China, whose king is thought to be the greatest prince in the world, and is name
  16. "... The Very Great Kingdom of China". (Portuguese: ... O Grande Reino da China ...).
  17. Its earliest extant use is on the ritual bronze vessel He zun, where it apparently refers to only the Shang's immediate
  18. Its meaning "Zhou's royal demesne" is attested from the 6th-century BC Classic of History, which states "Huangtian besto
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